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Current Affairs

EduTips Daily CA Bullet Points (27 January 2026)

1) 🇮🇳National   Republic Day Aftermath: Following the 77th Republic Day parade, the double-humped Bactrian camels from Ladakh (named Galwan and Nubra) made history as the first of their species to debut at Kartavya Path. Delhi Declaration 2026: The Election Commission of India (ECI) concluded the three-day India International Conference on Democracy (IICDEM 2026) with the unanimous adoption of the 'Delhi Declaration' to strengthen electoral integrity. Bamboo Sector Boost: Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia launched two major bamboo sector projects worth ₹82.5 crore in Guwahati to reinforce the economy of the Northeast. Sikkim Police Honour: The Sikkim Police has been conferred the President's Police Colour Award (Nishaan), becoming only the 15th state police force in India to receive this prestigious honour. Neolithic Discovery: Excavations at Lakkundi village in Karnataka yielded relics from the Neolithic period, significantly boosting its bid for UNESCO World Heritage status. 2) 🌍International USA Withdraws from WHO: On 22 January 2026, the United States formally ended its 78-year membership in the World Health Organization (WHO). Board of Peace: US President Donald Trump signed the founding charter of the "Board of Peace" initiative for Gaza along with representatives from 19 other nations. Global Water Bankruptcy: A new UN report titled "Global Water Bankruptcy" warns that 75% of the world's population now lives in water-insecure countries. India-Namibia Pact: India signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Namibia specifically focusing on cooperation in election management. 3) 💰Economy PM SVANidhi Credit Card: PM Narendra Modi launched a new interest-free revolving credit facility linked to UPI specifically for street vendors and hawkers under the PM SVANidhi scheme. AI Investment Ranking: According to a WEF white paper, India ranks 8th globally in AI investments as a share of GDP, with investments estimated at 1.2%–1.8%. FDI Surge: UNCTAD reported that FDI inflows to India jumped by 73% to USD 47 billion in the previous fiscal year, making India a top destination for global investors. GIFT City Approval: Buyforex, an entity of EbixCash, received in-principle approval from the IFSCA to operate as a Payment Service Provider at GIFT City, Gujarat. 4) 🗓️Date’s importance International Holocaust Remembrance Day: Observed on January 27 to commemorate the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1945. Patent for Light Bulb (1880): On this day, Thomas Edison received the historic patent for his electric incandescent lamp. National Geographic Society (1888): The society was founded on this day in Washington, D.C. 5) 👱‍♂️👩‍🦳Person of the day Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Born on January 27, 1756, the legendary Austrian composer remains one of the most influential figures in the history of Western music. Arijit Basu: Appointed as the new Part-time Chairman of IndusInd Bank, a key appointment in the Indian banking sector. 6) 🏅Sports Savita Punia: The Indian women's hockey goalkeeper stated that her recently announced Padma Shri is a recognition for the entire national team's effort. Australian Open 2026: The first Grand Slam of the year enters its final week in Melbourne, with top seeds facing rigorous challenges from emerging Asian talents. Asian Games 2026: Policy reviews are underway as host nation Japan prepares for the 20th Asian Games (Aichi-Nagoya) scheduled for later this year. 7) 🏆Awards Wiley Research Heroes Award: Dr. Chandrakant Lahariya became the first Indian to receive this prestigious global award for his contributions to public health research. President's Police Colour: Awarded to the Sikkim Police for outstanding professionalism and dedication. Padma Shri for Martial Arts: K. Pajanivel of Puducherry was honoured with the Padma Shri for his lifelong contribution to promoting Silambam (traditional martial art). 8) ⭐️Other important significance Red Lines Redrawn: COAS General Upendra Dwivedi launched the book "Red Lines Redrawn: Operation Sindoor and India's New Normal," which discusses India's evolving military strategy. New Plant Species: A new flowering plant species of the genus Strobilanthes was formally documented in Arunachal Pradesh. 📚Word of the day Notorious (Adjective): Meaning: Famous or well-known, typically for some bad quality or deed. Usage: "The area became notorious for its frequent traffic congestion during peak hours."  

Current Affairs

EduTips Daily CA Bullet Points (January 26, 2026)

1) 🇮🇳National 77th Republic Day: India celebrates its 77th Republic Day today with the theme "150 Years of Vande Mataram." President Droupadi Murmu will unfurl the national flag at Kartavya Path, followed by a grand parade showcasing India's military might and cultural diversity. Chief Guests: The President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, and the President of the European Council, António Costa, are the Chief Guests for this year's parade. Padma Awards 2026: The government announced 131 Padma Awards on the eve of Republic Day, including 5 Padma Vibhushan, 13 Padma Bhushan, and 113 Padma Shri awards. Gallantry Awards: President Murmu has approved 412 Gallantry awards and other Defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel and others. Vande Bharat Sleeper: The parade will highlight recent advancements in rail infrastructure, including the newly introduced Vande Bharat Sleeper trains. 2) 🌍International International Customs Day: Observed globally on January 26, the 2026 theme is "Customs: Protecting Society through Vigilance and Commitment." India-EU Summit: Following the Republic Day celebrations, the 16th India-EU Summit is scheduled for January 27 in New Delhi to deepen strategic partnerships. WEF Global Risks: The World Economic Forum's Global Risks Report 2026, discussed recently at Davos, identified "Geoeconomic Confrontation" as the top global risk for the year. 3) 💰Economy Gold Import Duty: Market speculation is high regarding a potential hike in customs duty on gold and silver in the upcoming Union Budget, leading to a surge in domestic premiums. Padma Bhushan for Trade: Prominent banker Uday Kotak has been awarded the Padma Bhushan for his distinguished service in the field of Trade and Industry. 4) 🗓️Date’s importance Republic Day: Marks the historic date in 1950 when the Constitution of India came into effect, turning the nation into a newly formed republic. International Customs Day: Honors the role of custom officials and agencies in maintaining border security and facilitating trade. 5) 👱‍♂️👩‍🦳Person of the day Dharmendra Deol: The legendary Bollywood actor (1935–2025) has been posthumously awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second-highest civilian honor. Learner Tien: The 20-year-old American tennis player created a massive upset at the Australian Open 2026 by defeating 3-time finalist Daniil Medvedev to reach the Quarterfinals. 6) 🏅Sports Padma Shri in Sports: Indian cricket captain Rohit Sharma, women's team captain Harmanpreet Kaur, and hockey goalkeeper Savita Punia have been conferred with the Padma Shri. Australian Open 2026: Carlos Alcaraz advanced to the quarterfinals after defeating Tommy Paul. The tournament has seen major upsets with top seeds exiting early. Tennis Legend: Vijay Amritraj has been honored with the Padma Bhushan for his lifetime contribution to sports. 7) 🏆Awards Padma Vibhushan Awardees: The list includes Dharmendra (Posthumous), V.S. Achuthanandan (Posthumous), N. Rajam (Art), K.T. Thomas (Public Affairs), and P. Narayanan (Literature). Police Medals: A total of 1,132 personnel have been awarded Gallantry and Service Medals on the occasion of Republic Day 2026. 8) ⭐️Other important significance Beating Retreat 2026: The upcoming ceremony on January 29 will feature enclosures named after Indian musical instruments like 'Sitar' and 'Tabla' to promote Indian culture. State Tableaux: This year's parade features 30 tableaux focusing on themes like "Nari Shakti" (Women Power) and "Viksit Bharat" (Developed India). 📚Word of the day Sovereignty (Noun) Meaning: Supreme power or authority; the quality or state of being independent and self-governing. Usage: "Republic Day is a celebration of India's sovereignty and the power of its written Constitution." Ask me to edit or delete your scheduled action at any time.

Current Affairs

EduTips Daily CA Bullet Points (January 24, 2026)

1) 🇮🇳National Republic Day Chief Guests Confirmed: The Ministry of External Affairs confirmed that Ursula von der Leyen (President of the European Commission) and António Costa (President of the European Council) will be the Chief Guests for India’s 77th Republic Day parade on January 26, 2026. Official Butterfly of Chandigarh: The Union Territory of Chandigarh has officially declared the "Striped Tiger" (Danaus genutia) as its state butterfly to promote biodiversity conservation. R-Day Tableau Theme: The Ministry of Education announced its tableau theme for the Republic Day parade as "NEP 2020: Rocketing Indian School Education on the Path to Viksit Bharat," featuring a depiction of ancient mathematician Aryabhatta. Kaziranga Elevated Corridor: Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation for a 34.5 km elevated corridor in Kaziranga National Park (Assam) to ensure the safe movement of wildlife during floods. 2) 🌍International International Day of Education: UNESCO observes this day globally with the 2026 theme "The Power of Youth in Co-creating Education," emphasizing the role of young people in shaping future learning systems. G7 Summit 2026: It has been confirmed that France will host the 52nd G7 Summit later this year. India, though not a member, is expected to be invited as a guest nation. 3) 💰Economy UN Growth Forecast: The United Nations 'World Economic Situation and Prospects 2026' report has projected India's GDP growth at 6.6% for 2026, citing robust domestic demand and strong investment activity. Google AI Programme: Google India launched the 'Google Market Access Programme' to assist Indian AI startups in scaling their products for global enterprise adoption. 4) 🗓️Date’s importance National Girl Child Day: Celebrated across India today to raise awareness about the rights, education, and health of the girl child. The day was initiated by the Ministry of Women and Child Development in 2008. International Day of Education: Proclaimed by the UN General Assembly to honor education as a human right and a public responsibility. 5) 👱‍♂️👩‍🦳Person of the day Karpoori Thakur (1924–1988): Today marks the birth anniversary of the former Chief Minister of Bihar, known as "Jan Nayak." He was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian honor) in 2024 for his championing of social justice. Homi J. Bhabha: Today is also the death anniversary of the "Father of the Indian Nuclear Programme," who died in a plane crash (Air India Flight 101) in 1966. 6) 🏅Sports Australian Open 2026: Novak Djokovic created history by securing his 100th match win at the Australian Open, becoming the first man to achieve a century of wins at three different Grand Slams. Kho-Kho World Cup: Preparations are in full swing for the first-ever Kho-Kho World Cup, which is being organized in New Delhi this year. 7) 🏆Awards Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar: The annual awards for excellence in disaster management are announced around this date. (Recipients for 2026 to be updated upon official release). 8) ⭐️Other important significance UP Foundation Day: Uttar Pradesh celebrates its Foundation Day (Uttar Pradesh Diwas) today. On January 24, 1950, the United Provinces was renamed Uttar Pradesh. 📚Word of the day Egalitarian (Adjective) Meaning: Believing in or based on the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities. Usage: "Karpoori Thakur fought throughout his life to build a more egalitarian society for the marginalized sections."  

Current Affairs

EduTips Daily CA Bullet Points (January 23, 2026)

1) 🇮🇳National   Parakram Diwas 2026: India celebrates the 129th Birth Anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose today. The Ministry of Culture is organizing special events in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands and 13 other locations to honor his legacy. Draft NEP 2026: The Ministry of Power has released the Draft National Electricity Policy (NEP) 2026 for public consultation, outlining a roadmap to transform India's power sector and integrate more renewable energy. GI-Tagged Kaladi: Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh has directed the scientific upscaling of "Kaladi" (a traditional cheese product), which is a GI-tagged product from the Udhampur district of Jammu & Kashmir. Zero Fresh Waste City: Lucknow has been declared Uttar Pradesh's first "Zero Fresh Waste Dump City," setting a benchmark for sustainable urban waste management. 2) 🌍International Sunita Williams Retires: Indian-origin astronaut Sunita Williams has officially retired from NASA after a distinguished 27-year career, during which she spent 322 days in space and held multiple spacewalk records. Asia Manufacturing Index: India has ranked 6th among 11 Asian economies in the newly released Asia Manufacturing Index (AMI) 2026, highlighting the need for stronger competitiveness in the sector. Muna Island: Recently in the news due to archaeological findings, this island is located in Indonesia and has become a point of interest for historians and geologists. 3) 💰Economy APO National Award: Bakul Limbasiya, founder of Bhathwari Technologies, has been conferred the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) National Award for his contributions to innovation and productivity in India. Energy Transition Conference: A two-day international conference on the "Role of International Trade in Global Energy Transition" was inaugurated at the National Law University (NLU), Odisha. 4) 🗓️Date’s importance Parakram Diwas: Observed annually on January 23 to commemorate the birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. The government officially declared this day as Parakram Diwas in 2021 to inspire the youth to act with fortitude in the face of adversity. 5) 👱‍♂️👩‍🦳Person of the day Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose (1897–1945): Today marks the 129th birth anniversary of the legendary freedom fighter, founder of the Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army), and the leader who gave the slogan "Jai Hind" and "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom." 6) 🏅Sports Australian Open 2026: Top seeds Carlos Alcaraz, Daniil Medvedev, and Aryna Sabalenka have advanced to the third round. Alcaraz defeated Yannick Hanfmann, while Medvedev overcame a tough challenge from Quentin Halys. Roll Ball World Cup: Yash Rashiya (20), an athlete from Surat, made headlines by winning the Gold Medal for India at the 7th Roll Ball World Cup held in Pune. 7) 🏆Awards Excellence in Governance: Prof. Dheeraj Sharma (Director, IIM Rohtak) was honored with the "Outstanding Governance Leadership Award" at the World Management Congress for his transformative leadership in education. 8) ⭐️Other important significance New Species Discovery: Researchers have discovered two new rare species of Ant Flies (Metadon ghorpadei and Metadon reemeri) in India, emphasizing the ecological diversity of the Western Ghats region. Draupathi 2 Release: The controversial historical drama film Draupathi 2 is set for release today (Jan 23) after the Madras High Court refused to intervene in its censorship certification. 📚Word of the day Quiddity (Noun) Meaning: The inherent nature or essence of someone or something; a distinctive feature or quirk. Usage: "The biographer managed to capture the true quiddity of Netaji's leadership style in his new book."  

Current Affairs

EduTips Daily CA Bullet Points (January 22, 2026)

1) 🇮🇳National UPSC Personality Test Rescheduled: The UPSC has cancelled the Civil Services Examination 2025 personality tests originally scheduled for the afternoon shift of January 22, 2026, due to the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade in New Delhi. Affected candidates will now appear on February 27, 2026. Conservation of Indian Skimmer: The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) and the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) launched a project to protect the breeding habitats of the endangered Indian Skimmer (Rynchops albicollis) in the Ganga Basin. Kumbhalgarh ESZ Notification: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has declared an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) ranging from 0 to 1 km around the Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan. Youngest BJP President: Nitin Nabin (45) is set to take charge as the youngest National President of the Bharatiya Janata Party today. 2) 🌍International India-US Trade Update: US President Donald Trump, speaking at the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, expressed confidence in reaching a "great" trade deal with India, praising the bilateral friendship with PM Modi. G7 Summit 2026: France is confirmed to host the 52nd G7 Summit in 2026. Member nations include the USA, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Canada (India is a guest invitee, not a member). SAFF Futsal Championship: The inaugural 2026 SAFF Futsal Championship is currently underway in Thailand with participation from South Asian nations. 3) 💰Economy IMF/UN Growth Forecast: The United Nations has upgraded India’s GDP growth projection for 2026 to 6.6%. The IMF also noted India remains a key driver of global growth, with a revised forecast expected shortly. Davos 2026: India has marked its largest-ever presence at the World Economic Forum with 10 Indian states participating. Industrialist Sunil Bharti Mittal highlighted India’s potential to become a $25–30 trillion economy. Core Sector Growth: India’s eight core sectors recorded a growth of 3.7% in December 2025, showing a slight moderation compared to previous periods. 4) 🗓️Date’s importance Basant Panchami (Saraswati Puja): Celebrated on January 22, 2026, marking the arrival of spring and dedicated to Goddess Saraswati, the deity of knowledge and arts. National Sanctity of Human Life Day: Observed annually on January 22 (primarily in the US) on the anniversary of the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision. Celebration of Life Day: A day dedicated to honoring the gift of life and children. 5) 👱‍♂️👩‍🦳Person of the day Saina Nehwal: The former World No. 1 and Olympic bronze medalist is in the news following her retirement from competitive badminton. Her career highlights include the Padma Bhushan (2016) and Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna (2009–10). Gyanendra Pratap Singh: Recently appointed as the new Director General of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF). 6) 🏅Sports England vs Sri Lanka: The three-match ODI series between England and Sri Lanka begins today (January 22) at the R. Premadasa Stadium in Colombo. Kho-Kho World Cup: Delhi is preparing to host the first-ever Kho-Kho World Cup in 2026. Rohit Sharma Milestone: Indian captain Rohit Sharma recently crossed the 20,000-run mark in international cricket. 7) 🏆Awards Bharat Forge Contracts: Bharat Forge’s aerospace division secured contracts worth ₹300 crore under the Emergency Procurement-VI framework for supplying indigenous unmanned systems (drones like Omega One and loitering munitions like Bayonet) to the Indian Armed Forces. 8) ⭐️Other important significance New Species Discovery: Two new species of ant flies, Metadon ghorpadei and Metadon reemeri, were recently discovered in India and published in the journal Zootaxa. Flamingo Festival: The annual Flamingo Festival was recently conducted at the Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh. 📚Word of the day Quiddity (Noun) Meaning: The inherent nature or essence of someone or something; a distinctive feature or a peculiar trait. Usage: The journalist’s report managed to capture the true quiddity of the rural reform movement.  

Kerala PSC GK Notes

BRITISH INDIA ADMINISTRATORS

Governors, Governor Generals, and Viceroys in British India This is a comprehensive study resource designed for competitive exam aspirants, focusing on the colonial administration of British India. It provides detailed notes in both English and Malayalam covering the key Governors, Governor Generals, and Viceroys from 1757 to 1950. The notes detail the tenure, major reforms (such as the Permanent Settlement, Subsidiary Alliance, and administrative changes), significant acts, and pivotal historical events associated with each administrator, from Robert Clive to C. Rajagopalachari. A visual timeline image is also included to summarize the chronological order of these rulers. I. Governors of Bengal (1757–1773) Robert Clive (1757–60, 1765–67) First Governor of Bengal. Introduced the Dual Government System in Bengal (1765). Signed the Treaty of Allahabad (1765) following the Battle of Buxar.   II. Governor Generals of Bengal (1773–1833) Warren Hastings (1773–1785) First Governor General of Bengal (appointed under the Regulating Act of 1773). Abolished the Dual Government System. Founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal with William Jones in 1784. Established the first Supreme Court in Calcutta. The only Governor General to be impeached by the British Parliament.   Lord Cornwallis (1786–1793) Known as the Father of Indian Civil Services. Introduced the Permanent Settlement (Zamindari System) in Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha in 1793. Introduced the Cornwallis Code. Established lower courts and appellate courts.   Lord Wellesley (1798–1805) Introduced the Subsidiary Alliance System (1798). The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first ruler to sign it. Described himself as the 'Bengal Tiger'. Established Fort William College in Calcutta for training civil servants.   III. Governor Generals of India (1833–1858) Lord William Bentinck (1828–1835) First Governor General of India (designated by the Charter Act of 1833). Abolished Sati in 1829 (with the support of Raja Ram Mohan Roy). Suppressed the 'Thugs' (robber gangs). Introduced English as the medium of higher education (based on Macaulay’s Minute, 1835).   Lord Dalhousie (1848–1856) Introduced the Doctrine of Lapse. Satara was the first state annexed under this policy. Known as the Father of Indian Railways (First railway line: Bombay to Thane, 1853). Started the first telegraph line and introduced the modern postal system. Established the Public Works Department (PWD). Drafted the Widow Remarriage Act (passed in 1856).   IV. Viceroys of India (1858–1947) Lord Canning (1856–1862) First Viceroy of India (appointed after the Government of India Act 1858). Viceroy during the Revolt of 1857. Withdrew the Doctrine of Lapse. Introduced the Budget system and Income Tax in India. Established High Courts in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras (1862).   Lord Mayo (1869–1872) Organized the first Census in India (1872). Established Mayo College in Ajmer. The only Viceroy to be murdered in office (assassinated by Sher Ali Afridi in the Andaman Islands).   Lord Lytton (1876–1880) Passed the Vernacular Press Act (1878) (also known as the Gagging Act). Passed the Arms Act (1878). Organized the Grand Delhi Durbar in 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as the Empress of India.   Lord Ripon (1880–1884) Known as the Father of Local Self-Government in India. Repealed the Vernacular Press Act (1882). Appointed the Hunter Commission (1882) for educational reforms. Introduced the Ilbert Bill (allowed Indian judges to try Europeans). Conducted the first official/regular Census in 1881.   Lord Curzon (1899–1905) Responsible for the Partition of Bengal (1905). Passed the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act (1904). Established the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Appointed the Raleigh Commission (Universities Commission).   Lord Minto II (1905–1910) Introduced the Minto-Morley Reforms (1909) (Indian Councils Act 1909). Introduced the system of communal electorates (separate electorates for Muslims). Surat Split of Congress (1907) occurred during his tenure.   Lord Chelmsford (1916–1921) Associated with the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919). Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) took place during his tenure. Passed the Rowlatt Act (1919). Non-Cooperation Movement started.   Lord Irwin (1926–1931) Simon Commission visited India (1928). Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed (1931). First Round Table Conference held in London. Dandi March and Civil Disobedience Movement launched.   Lord Linlithgow (1936–1944) Longest serving Viceroy of India. Quit India Movement (1942) occurred during his tenure. Proposed the August Offer (1940). Cripps Mission visited India (1942).   Lord Mountbatten (1947) Last Viceroy of British India and the First Governor General of Independent India. Proposed the 'Mountbatten Plan' (June 3 Plan) for the partition and independence of India.   C. Rajagopalachari (1948–1950) First and last Indian Governor General of Independent India.     ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഇന്ത്യയിലെ ഗവർണർമാർ, ഗവർണർ ജനറൽമാർ, വൈസ്രോയിമാർ I. ബംഗാൾ ഗവർണർമാർ (1757–1773) റോബർട്ട് ക്ലൈവ് (1757–60, 1765–67) ബംഗാളിലെ ആദ്യത്തെ ഗവർണർ. ബംഗാളിൽ ദ്വിഭരണ സംവിധാനം (Dual Government) ഏർപ്പെടുത്തി (1765). ബക്സാർ യുദ്ധത്തിന് ശേഷം 1765-ൽ അലഹബാദ് സന്ധിയിൽ ഒപ്പുവെച്ചു. II. ബംഗാൾ ഗവർണർ ജനറൽമാർ (1773–1833) വാറൻ ഹേസ്റ്റിംഗ്സ് (1773–1785) ബംഗാളിലെ ആദ്യത്തെ ഗവർണർ ജനറൽ (1773 ലെ റെഗുലേറ്റിംഗ് ആക്ട് പ്രകാരം). ദ്വിഭരണ സംവിധാനം (Dual Government) നിർത്തലാക്കി. 1784-ൽ വില്യം ജോൺസിനൊപ്പം ചേർന്ന് ഏഷ്യാറ്റിക് സൊസൈറ്റി ഓഫ് ബംഗാൾ സ്ഥാപിച്ചു. കൽക്കട്ടയിൽ സുപ്രീം കോടതി സ്ഥാപിച്ചു. ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് പാർലമെന്റ് ഇംപീച്ച് (കുറ്റവിചാരണ) ചെയ്ത ഏക ഗവർണർ ജനറൽ. ലോർഡ് കോൺവാലിസ് (1786–1793) ഇന്ത്യൻ സിവിൽ സർവീസിന്റെ പിതാവ് എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്നു. 1793-ൽ ബംഗാൾ, ബീഹാർ, ഒഡീഷ എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിൽ സ്ഥിര നികുതി വ്യവസ്ഥ (Permanent Settlement / Zamindari System) നടപ്പിലാക്കി. കോൺവാലിസ് കോഡ് അവതരിപ്പിച്ചു. താഴ്ന്ന കോടതികളും അപ്പീൽ കോടതികളും സ്ഥാപിച്ചു. ലോർഡ് വെല്ലസ്ലി (1798–1805) സൈനിക സഹായ വ്യവസ്ഥ (Subsidiary Alliance) നടപ്പിലാക്കി (1798). ഹൈദരാബാദ് നിസാം ആണ് ഇതിൽ ആദ്യം ഒപ്പുവെച്ചത്. സ്വയം 'ബംഗാൾ കടുവ' എന്ന് വിശേഷിപ്പിച്ചു. സിവിൽ സർവീസുകാർക്ക് പരിശീലനം നൽകാനായി ഫോർട്ട് വില്യം കോളേജ് സ്ഥാപിച്ചു. III. ഇന്ത്യൻ ഗവർണർ ജനറൽമാർ (1833–1858) ലോർഡ് വില്യം ബെന്റിക് (1828–1835) ഇന്ത്യയിലെ ആദ്യത്തെ ഗവർണർ ജനറൽ (1833 ലെ ചാർട്ടർ ആക്ട് പ്രകാരം). 1829-ൽ സതി നിർത്തലാക്കി (രാജാ റാം മോഹൻ റോയിയുടെ സഹായത്തോടെ). തഗ്ഗുകൾ എന്നറിയപ്പെട്ടിരുന്ന കൊള്ളസംഘത്തെ അടിച്ചമർത്തി. ഉന്നത വിദ്യാഭ്യാസ മാധ്യമമായി ഇംഗ്ലീഷിനെ മാറ്റി (മക്കാളെ മിനിറ്റ്സ്, 1835). ലോർഡ് ഡൽഹൗസി (1848–1856) ദത്തവകാശ നിരോധന നിയമം (Doctrine of Lapse) കൊണ്ടുവന്നു. സത്താറയാണ് ഈ നിയമപ്രകാരം പിടിച്ചെടുത്ത ആദ്യ രാജ്യം. ഇന്ത്യൻ റെയിൽവേയുടെ പിതാവ് (ആദ്യത്തെ റെയിൽവേ പാത: ബോംബെ മുതൽ താനെ വരെ, 1853). ആദ്യത്തെ ടെലിഗ്രാഫ് ലൈൻ ആരംഭിച്ചു, ആധുനിക തപാൽ സംവിധാനം കൊണ്ടുവന്നു. പൊതുമരാമത്ത് വകുപ്പ് (PWD) സ്ഥാപിച്ചു. വിധവാ പുനർവിവാഹ നിയമത്തിന്റെ കരട് തയ്യാറാക്കി (1856-ൽ പാസാക്കി). IV. ഇന്ത്യൻ വൈസ്രോയിമാർ (1858–1947) ലോർഡ് കാനിംഗ് (1856–1862) ഇന്ത്യയിലെ ആദ്യത്തെ വൈസ്രോയി (1858 ലെ ഗവൺമെന്റ് ഓഫ് ഇന്ത്യ ആക്ട് പ്രകാരം). 1857 ലെ വിപ്ലവ സമയത്തെ വൈസ്രോയി. ദത്തവകാശ നിരോധന നിയമം പിൻവലിച്ചു. ഇന്ത്യയിൽ ബജറ്റ് സമ്പ്രദായവും ആദായ നികുതിയും അവതരിപ്പിച്ചു. 1862-ൽ കൽക്കട്ട, ബോംബെ, മദ്രാസ് എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിൽ ഹൈക്കോടതികൾ സ്ഥാപിച്ചു. ലോർഡ് മേയോ (1869–1872) ഇന്ത്യയിൽ ആദ്യമായി സെൻസസ് എടുത്തു (1872). അജ്മീറിൽ മേയോ കോളേജ് സ്ഥാപിച്ചു. ഔദ്യോഗിക പദവിയിലിരിക്കെ കൊല്ലപ്പെട്ട ഏക വൈസ്രോയി (ആൻഡമാൻ ദ്വീപുകളിൽ വെച്ച് ഷേർ അലി അഫ്രീദി കൊലപ്പെടുത്തി). ലോർഡ് ലിറ്റൺ (1876–1880) പ്രാദേശിക ഭാഷാ പത്ര നിയമം (Vernacular Press Act) (1878) പാസാക്കി. ആയുധ നിയമം (Arms Act) (1878) പാസാക്കി. 1877-ൽ ഡൽഹി ദർബാർ സംഘടിപ്പിച്ചു (വിക്ടോറിയ രാജ്ഞിയെ ഇന്ത്യയുടെ ചക്രവർത്തിനിയായി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു). ലോർഡ് റിപ്പൺ (1880–1884) ഇന്ത്യയിലെ തദ്ദേശ സ്വയംഭരണത്തിന്റെ പിതാവ്. പ്രാദേശിക ഭാഷാ പത്ര നിയമം പിൻവലിച്ചു (1882). വിദ്യാഭ്യാസ പരിഷ്കാരങ്ങൾക്കായി ഹണ്ടർ കമ്മീഷനെ (1882) നിയമിച്ചു. ഇൽബർട്ട് ബിൽ അവതരിപ്പിച്ചു (ഇന്ത്യൻ ജഡ്ജിമാർക്ക് യൂറോപ്യന്മാരെ വിചാരണ ചെയ്യാൻ അധികാരം നൽകി). 1881-ൽ ആദ്യത്തെ ഔദ്യോഗിക സെൻസസ് നടത്തി. ലോർഡ് കഴ്സൺ (1899–1905) ബംഗാൾ വിഭജനം (1905) നടപ്പിലാക്കി. പുരാതന സ്മാരക സംരക്ഷണ നിയമം (1904) പാസാക്കി. ആർക്കിയോളജിക്കൽ സർവേ ഓഫ് ഇന്ത്യ (ASI) സ്ഥാപിച്ചു. റാലേ കമ്മീഷൻ (സർവ്വകലാശാല കമ്മീഷൻ) നിയമിച്ചു. ലോർഡ് മിന്റോ II (1905–1910) മിന്റോ-മോർലി പരിഷ്കാരങ്ങൾ (1909) (ഇന്ത്യൻ കൗൺസിൽ ആക്ട് 1909) നടപ്പിലാക്കി. മുസ്ലീങ്ങൾക്ക് പ്രത്യേക നിയോജകമണ്ഡലങ്ങൾ (Separate electorates) അനുവദിച്ചു. കോൺഗ്രസിലെ സൂററ്റ് പിളർപ്പ് (1907) ഇദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ കാലത്താണ് നടന്നത്. ലോർഡ് ചെംസ്ഫോർഡ് (1916–1921) മോണ്ടാഗു-ചെംസ്ഫോർഡ് പരിഷ്കാരങ്ങൾ (1919). ജാലിയൻ വാലാബാഗ് കൂട്ടക്കൊല (1919) ഇദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ കാലത്താണ് നടന്നത്. റൗലറ്റ് ആക്ട് (1919) പാസാക്കി. നിസ്സഹകരണ പ്രസ്ഥാനം ആരംഭിച്ചു. ലോർഡ് ഇർവിൻ (1926–1931) സൈമൺ കമ്മീഷൻ ഇന്ത്യ സന്ദർശിച്ചു (1928). ഗാന്ധി-ഇർവിൻ ഉടമ്പടി ഒപ്പുവെച്ചു (1931). ലണ്ടനിൽ ഒന്നാം വട്ടമേശ സമ്മേളനം നടന്നു. ദണ്ഡി യാത്രയും സിവിൽ നിയമലംഘന പ്രസ്ഥാനവും നടന്നു. ലോർഡ് ലിൻലിത്ഗോ (1936–1944) ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതൽ കാലം വൈസ്രോയി ആയിരുന്ന വ്യക്തി. ക്വിറ്റ് ഇന്ത്യ സമരം (1942) ഇദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ കാലത്താണ് നടന്നത്. ഓഗസ്റ്റ് ഓഫർ (1940) നിർദ്ദേശിച്ചു. ക്രിപ്സ് മിഷൻ ഇന്ത്യ സന്ദർശിച്ചു (1942). ലോർഡ് മൗണ്ട് ബാറ്റൺ (1947) ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഇന്ത്യയിലെ അവസാനത്തെ വൈസ്രോയിയും സ്വതന്ത്ര ഇന്ത്യയിലെ ആദ്യത്തെ ഗവർണർ ജനറലും. ഇന്ത്യ വിഭജനത്തിനും സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യത്തിനുമായി 'മൗണ്ട് ബാറ്റൺ പ്ലാൻ' (ജൂൺ 3 പ്ലാൻ) അവതരിപ്പിച്ചു. സി. രാജഗോപാലാചാരി (1948–1950) സ്വതന്ത്ര ഇന്ത്യയിലെ ആദ്യത്തെയും അവസാനത്തെയും ഇന്ത്യൻ ഗവർണർ ജനറൽ.  

Current Affairs

EduTips Daily CA Bullet Points (21 January 2026)

1. 🇮🇳National India International Conference on Democracy: The Election Commission of India (ECI) hosted the IICDEM 2026 in New Delhi (Jan 21–23), featuring delegates from 70 countries to discuss electoral management. Project Dolphin: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change launched the second nationwide dolphin population survey, starting from Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh. ECINET Launch: The ECI officially launched 'ECINET', a dedicated digital platform providing one-stop access to all election-related information and services. 🌍International Exercise Dosti-17: The 17th edition of the trilateral coast guard exercise between India, Maldives, and Sri Lanka commenced to strengthen maritime security and search-and-rescue operations. BRICS Plus Naval Drill: A BRICS Plus maritime exercise was successfully conducted at Simon’s Town, South Africa, focused on naval cooperation among member nations. 💰Economy IMF GDP Forecast: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected India's GDP growth for FY27 (2026-27) at 6.4%, a slight moderation from the 7.3% estimated for the current fiscal year. Market Capitalization: Reports indicate a significant wipeout of nearly ₹8 lakh crore in market capitalization in early 2026 due to global FII outflows and tariff uncertainties. 🗓️Date’s importance Tripura, Manipur, and Meghalaya Statehood Day: On January 21, 1972, these three Northeastern states became full-fledged states of India under the North Eastern Region (Re-organisation) Act, 1971. Launch of USS Nautilus (1954): The world's first nuclear-powered submarine was launched on this day in Groton, Connecticut. 👱‍♂️👩‍🦳Person of the day Nitin Nabin: Recently nominated as a key party official (State Chief), drawing focus in national political circles for administrative reorganization. Louis XVI: Historically significant as the King of France who was executed by guillotine on January 21, 1793, during the French Revolution. 🏅Sports Women's Premier League (WPL) 2026: High-voltage clash scheduled between Mumbai Indians (led by Harmanpreet Kaur) and Delhi Capitals (led by Jemimah Rodrigues). Australian Open 2026: Carlos Alcaraz advanced through the opening rounds, garnering attention for technical refinements in his service game. 🏆Awards Ati Vishisht Rail Seva Puraskar: Conferred upon RPF officer Chandana Sinha for her heroic efforts in rescuing over 150 children under 'Operation Nanhe Farishte'. Padmapani Award: Legendary musician Ilaiyaraaja was selected for this honor at the 11th Ajanta-Ellora International Film Festival for his lifelong contribution to Indian cinema. ⭐️Other important significance Tiger Global Tax Ruling: A significant legal discussion emerged regarding India’s tax treaties and capital gains, impacting foreign investment sentiment for 2026. National Hugging Day: Observed globally on January 21 to encourage people to express more emotion and support through physical touch. 📚Word of the day Profligate (Adjective) Meaning: Recklessly extravagant or wasteful in the use of resources. Usage: The government was criticized for its profligate spending on projects with low public utility.  

Kerala PSC GK Notes

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS FORMATION & IMPORTANT SESSIONS

Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885) 1. Key Facts of Establishment Founder: Allan Octavian Hume (A.O. Hume), a retired British Civil Servant. Date of Formation: 28 December 1885. First Session Venue: Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay (Mumbai). Note: The venue was originally planned to be Poona (Pune), but it was shifted to Bombay due to a Cholera outbreak in Poona. First President: Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee (W.C. Bonnerjee). Total Delegates: 72 delegates attended the first session (mostly lawyers, journalists, and educated elite). Viceroy at the time: Lord Dufferin (1884–1888). Famous Comment: Lord Dufferin later ridiculed Congress as representing only a "microscopic minority" of the people.   2. Theories Behind Formation There are two major historical theories regarding why the INC was formed, often asked in exams: Safety Valve Theory: Concept: It suggests that A.O. Hume formed the Congress with the blessing of Viceroy Lord Dufferin to provide a peaceful platform (a "safety valve") for Indians to vent their political discontent, thereby preventing another violent revolt like the Revolt of 1857. Propagated by: Radical leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai. Lightning Conductor Theory: Concept: Modern historians and moderate leaders believed that Indian nationalists used A.O. Hume as a "lightning conductor." By having a British officer as the founder, they could avoid immediate suppression and suspicion by the British government. Supporter: Gopal Krishna Gokhale.   Important Sessions of INC (1885–1947) This table covers the most frequently asked sessions exams. Pay special attention to the President and the Significance. Year Place President Significance / Key Outcome 1885 Bombay W.C. Bonnerjee 1st Session. Formation of INC. attended by 72 delegates. 1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji Merger of National Conference with INC. 1887 Madras Badruddin Tyabji First Muslim President of INC. 1888 Allahabad George Yule First English (Non-Indian) President of INC. 1896 Calcutta Rahimtullah M. Sayani National Song 'Vande Mataram' was sung for the first time (composed by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee). 1905 Benaras G.K. Gokhale Protest against Partition of Bengal; formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement. 1906 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji The word 'Swaraj' (Self-rule) was mentioned/demanded for the first time. 1907 Surat Rash Behari Ghosh Surat Split: Congress divided into Moderates and Extremists. Session was suspended. 1909 Lahore Madan Mohan Malaviya Disapproval of separate electorates given in Indian Councils Act 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms). 1911 Calcutta B.N. Dhar National Anthem 'Jana Gana Mana' was sung for the first time. 1916 Lucknow A.C. Majumdar Lucknow Pact: Reunion of Moderates & Extremists; Pact between Congress and Muslim League. 1917 Calcutta Annie Besant First Woman President of INC. 1919 Amritsar Motilal Nehru Strong condemnation of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. 1920 Nagpur C. Vijayaraghavachariar Non-Cooperation Resolution was passed. (Special session in Calcutta was led by Lala Lajpat Rai). 1923 Delhi (Special) Abul Kalam Azad Youngest President of INC (at age 35). 1924 Belgaum Mahatma Gandhi The only session presided over by Mahatma Gandhi. 1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu First Indian Woman President of INC. 1929 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru Resolution for 'Purna Swaraj' (Complete Independence). 26 Jan 1930 was observed as the first Independence Day. 1931 Karachi Vallabhbhai Patel Resolution on Fundamental Rights and National Economic Programme. Endorsed Gandhi-Irwin Pact. 1937 Faizpur Jawaharlal Nehru First session held in a village. 1938 Haripura Subhash Chandra Bose National Planning Committee set up under J.L. Nehru. 1939 Tripuri Subhash Chandra Bose Bose won but resigned due to differences with Gandhi; Rajendra Prasad took over. Bose formed Forward Bloc. 1940-46 Ramgarh Abul Kalam Azad Longest-serving President before independence (no sessions held due to WWII and Quit India Movement). 1946 Meerut J.B. Kripalani President at the time of Independence (Aug 15, 1947). 1948 Jaipur Pattabhi Sitaramayya First session after Independence.   "Super 10" Key Facts for Exams   Who was the President when India got Independence? J.B. Kripalani (Meerut Session, 1946).   Who was the First Woman President? Annie Besant (1917).   Who was the First Indian Woman President? Sarojini Naidu (1925).   Who was the First Muslim President? Badruddin Tyabji (1887).   Who was the First English President? George Yule (1888).   In which session was 'Vande Mataram' first sung? 1896, Calcutta.   In which session was 'Jana Gana Mana' first sung? 1911, Calcutta.   Which is the only session presided by Mahatma Gandhi? 1924, Belgaum (Karnataka).   Who was the President during the Surat Split (1907)? Rash Behari Ghosh (Do not confuse with revolutionary Rash Behari Bose).   Who hold the record for being President for the longest continuous term before 1947? Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (1940–1946).   Important Resolutions & Movements Associated with Sessions Swadeshi Movement: Benaras Session (1905). Swaraj (Self Rule): Calcutta Session (1906). Non-Cooperation Movement: Nagpur Session (1920). Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence): Lahore Session (1929). Fundamental Rights: Karachi Session (1931).         ഇന്ത്യൻ നാഷണൽ കോൺഗ്രസിൻ്റെ രൂപീകരണം (1885) 1. രൂപീകരണവുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട പ്രധാന വിവരങ്ങൾ സ്ഥാപകൻ: എ.ഒ. ഹ്യൂം (Allan Octavian Hume) - വിരമിച്ച ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് സിവിൽ സർവീസ് ഉദ്യോഗസ്ഥൻ. രൂപീകരിച്ച തീയതി: 1885 ഡിസംബർ 28. ആദ്യ സമ്മേളനം നടന്ന സ്ഥലം: ഗോകുൽദാസ് തേജ്പാൽ സംസ്കൃത കോളേജ്, ബോംബെ (മുംബൈ). ശ്രദ്ധിക്കുക: പൂനെയിൽ വച്ച് നടത്താനാണ് ആദ്യം തീരുമാനിച്ചിരുന്നതെങ്കിലും അവിടെ പ്ലേഗ് (കോളറ) പടർന്നുപിടിച്ചതിനാൽ വേദി ബോംബെയിലേക്ക് മാറ്റുകയായിരുന്നു. ആദ്യ പ്രസിഡൻ്റ് (അധ്യക്ഷൻ): ഡബ്ല്യു.സി. ബാനർജി (Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee). പങ്കെടുത്ത പ്രതിനിധികൾ: 72 പേർ (ഭൂരിഭാഗവും അഭിഭാഷകരും മാധ്യമപ്രവർത്തകരും ആയിരുന്നു). അന്നത്തെ വൈസ്രോയി: ഡഫറിൻ പ്രഭു (Lord Dufferin - 1884–1888). പ്രശസ്തമായ കമന്റ്: ജനങ്ങളുടെ ഒരു "ചെറിയ ന്യൂനപക്ഷത്തെ" (Microscopic Minority) മാത്രമാണ് കോൺഗ്രസ് പ്രതിനിധീകരിക്കുന്നത് എന്ന് ഡഫറിൻ പ്രഭു പിന്നീട് പരിഹസിച്ചു. 2. രൂപീകരണത്തിന് പിന്നിലെ സിദ്ധാന്തങ്ങൾ ചരിത്രപരമായി കോൺഗ്രസിൻ്റെ രൂപീകരണത്തിന് പിന്നിൽ രണ്ട് പ്രധാന സിദ്ധാന്തങ്ങളുണ്ട്: സേഫ്റ്റി വാൽവ് സിദ്ധാന്തം (Safety Valve Theory): ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഭരണത്തിനെതിരെ ഇന്ത്യക്കാരുടെ ഇടയിലുള്ള അമർഷം ലഘൂകരിക്കാനും, 1857-ലേത് പോലുള്ള മറ്റൊരു വലിയ പ്രക്ഷോഭം ഒഴിവാക്കാനും വൈസ്രോയി ഡഫറിൻ പ്രഭുവിന്റെ അറിവോടുകൂടി എ.ഒ. ഹ്യൂം ഉണ്ടാക്കിയ ഒരു സംഘടനയാണ് കോൺഗ്രസ് എന്നാണ് ഈ സിദ്ധാന്തം പറയുന്നത്. ഈ വാദം ഉന്നയിച്ച പ്രധാന നേതാവ്: ലാലാ ലജ്പത് റായ്. ലൈറ്റ്‌നിംഗ് കണ്ടക്ടർ സിദ്ധാന്തം (Lightning Conductor Theory): ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് സർക്കാർ തുടക്കത്തിൽ തന്നെ ഈ പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തെ അടിച്ചമർത്താതിരിക്കാൻ, ഒരു ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഉദ്യോഗസ്ഥനെ (എ.ഒ. ഹ്യൂം) മുൻനിർത്തി ഇന്ത്യൻ നേതാക്കൾ കോൺഗ്രസ് രൂപീകരിച്ചു എന്നാണ് ഈ സിദ്ധാന്തം പറയുന്നത്. മിന്നലിൽ നിന്ന് രക്ഷനേടാൻ കെട്ടിടങ്ങളിൽ 'ലൈറ്റ്‌നിംഗ് കണ്ടക്ടർ' ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നത് പോലെയാണിത്. ഈ വാദം ഉന്നയിച്ച നേതാവ്: ഗോപാല കൃഷ്ണ ഗോഖലെ.   കോൺഗ്രസിന്റെ പ്രധാന സമ്മേളനങ്ങൾ (1885–1947) പരീക്ഷകളിൽ പതിവായി ചോദിക്കുന്ന പ്രധാന സമ്മേളനങ്ങൾ, സ്ഥലം, അധ്യക്ഷൻ, പ്രത്യേകതകൾ എന്നിവ താഴെ നൽകുന്നു: വർഷം സ്ഥലം പ്രസിഡൻ്റ് (അധ്യക്ഷൻ) പ്രത്യേകത / പ്രാധാന്യം 1885 ബോംബെ ഡബ്ല്യു.സി. ബാനർജി ആദ്യ സമ്മേളനം. 72 പ്രതിനിധികൾ പങ്കെടുത്തു. 1886 കൊൽക്കത്ത ദാദാഭായ് നവറോജി നാഷണൽ കോൺഫറൻസ് INC-യിൽ ലയിച്ചു. 1887 മദ്രാസ് ബദറുദ്ദീൻ ത്യാബ്‌ജി ആദ്യത്തെ മുസ്ലിം പ്രസിഡൻ്റ്. 1888 അലഹബാദ് ജോർജ്ജ് യൂൾ ആദ്യത്തെ വിദേശി (ഇംഗ്ലീഷുകാരൻ) പ്രസിഡൻ്റ്. 1896 കൊൽക്കത്ത റഹിംതുള്ള എം. സയാനി 'വന്ദേമാതരം' ആദ്യമായി ആലപിച്ചു (രചയിതാവ്: ബങ്കിം ചന്ദ്ര ചാറ്റർജി). 1905 ബനാറസ് ജി.കെ. ഗോഖലെ ബംഗാൾ വിഭജനത്തിനെതിരെ പ്രതിഷേധം; സ്വദേശി പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന് ഔദ്യോഗിക അംഗീകാരം. 1906 കൊൽക്കത്ത ദാദാഭായ് നവറോജി 'സ്വരാജ്' (Swaraj) എന്ന പദം ആദ്യമായി ഉപയോഗിച്ചു. 1907 സൂററ്റ് റാഷ് ബിഹാരി ഘോഷ് സൂററ്റ് പിളർപ്പ്: കോൺഗ്രസ് മിതവാദികൾ, തീവ്രവാദികൾ എന്നിങ്ങനെ രണ്ടായി പിളർന്നു. 1909 ലാഹോർ മദൻ മോഹൻ മാളവ്യ 1909-ലെ ഇന്ത്യൻ കൗൺസിൽ ആക്ട് (മിന്റോ-മോർലി പരിഷ്കാരം) പ്രകാരമുള്ള പ്രത്യേക നിയോജകമണ്ഡലങ്ങളെ എതിർത്തു. 1911 കൊൽക്കത്ത ബി.എൻ. ധർ ദേശീയ ഗാനം 'ജനഗണമന' ആദ്യമായി ആലപിച്ചു. 1916 ലക്നൗ എ.സി. മജുംദാർ ലക്നൗ ഉടമ്പടി: മിതവാദികളും തീവ്രവാദികളും ഒന്നിച്ചു. കോൺഗ്രസും മുസ്ലിം ലീഗും സഖ്യമുണ്ടാക്കി. 1917 കൊൽക്കത്ത ആനി ബസന്റ് ആദ്യത്തെ വനിതാ പ്രസിഡൻ്റ്. 1919 അമൃത്സർ മോത്തിലാൽ നെഹ്‌റു ജാലിയൻ വാലാബാഗ് കൂട്ടക്കൊലയെ ശക്തമായി അപലപിച്ചു. 1920 നാഗ്പൂർ സി. വിജയരാഘവാചാരി നിസ്സഹകരണ പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന് (Non-Cooperation) അംഗീകാരം നൽകി. 1923 ഡൽഹി (പ്രത്യേകം) അബുൽ കലാം ആസാദ് ഏറ്റവും പ്രായം കുറഞ്ഞ പ്രസിഡൻ്റ് (35 വയസ്സ്). 1924 ബെൽഗാം മഹാത്മാ ഗാന്ധി ഗാന്ധിജി അധ്യക്ഷനായ ഏക സമ്മേളനം. 1925 കാൺപൂർ സരോജിനി നായിഡു ആദ്യത്തെ ഇന്ത്യൻ വനിതാ പ്രസിഡൻ്റ്. 1929 ലാഹോർ ജവഹർലാൽ നെഹ്‌റു 'പൂർണ്ണ സ്വരാജ്' പ്രമേയം പാസാക്കി. 1930 ജനുവരി 26 ആദ്യ സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യദിനമായി ആചരിച്ചു. 1931 കറാച്ചി സർദാർ പട്ടേൽ മൗലിക അവകാശ പ്രമേയം (Fundamental Rights) പാസാക്കി. ഗാന്ധി-ഇർവിൻ ഉടമ്പടിയെ അംഗീകരിച്ചു. 1937 ഫൈസ്പൂർ ജവഹർലാൽ നെഹ്‌റു ഗ്രാമത്തിൽ വെച്ചു നടന്ന ആദ്യത്തെ സമ്മേളനം. 1938 ഹരിപുര സുഭാഷ് ചന്ദ്ര ബോസ് ദേശീയ പ്ലാനിംഗ് കമ്മിറ്റി (National Planning Committee) രൂപീകരിച്ചു. 1939 ത്രിപുരി സുഭാഷ് ചന്ദ്ര ബോസ് ബോസ് വീണ്ടും തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കപ്പെട്ടെങ്കിലും ഗാന്ധിജിയുമായുള്ള അഭിപ്രായവ്യത്യാസത്തെ തുടർന്ന് രാജിവച്ചു. രാജേന്ദ്ര പ്രസാദ് പകരക്കാരനായി. ബോസ് ഫോർവേഡ് ബ്ലോക്ക് രൂപീകരിച്ചു. 1940-46 രാംഗഡ് അബുൽ കലാം ആസാദ് സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യത്തിന് മുമ്പ് ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതൽ കാലം തുടർച്ചയായി പ്രസിഡൻ്റ് ആയ വ്യക്തി. 1946 മീററ്റ് ജെ.ബി. കൃപലാനി ഇന്ത്യക്ക് സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം ലഭിക്കുമ്പോൾ കോൺഗ്രസ് പ്രസിഡൻ്റ് ഇദ്ദേഹമായിരുന്നു.   പരീക്ഷയ്ക്കുളള "സൂപ്പർ 10" ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ പരീക്ഷകളിൽ ആവർത്തിച്ചു ചോദിക്കുന്ന വൺ വേർഡ് ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ. ഇന്ത്യക്ക് സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം ലഭിക്കുമ്പോൾ കോൺഗ്രസ് പ്രസിഡൻ്റ് ആരായിരുന്നു? ജെ.ബി. കൃപലാനി (1946, മീററ്റ് സമ്മേളനം).   ആദ്യത്തെ വനിതാ പ്രസിഡൻ്റ് ആര്? ആനി ബസന്റ് (1917).   ആദ്യത്തെ ഇന്ത്യൻ വനിതാ പ്രസിഡൻ്റ് ആര്? സരോജിനി നായിഡു (1925).   ആദ്യത്തെ മുസ്ലിം പ്രസിഡൻ്റ് ആര്? ബദറുദ്ദീൻ ത്യാബ്‌ജി (1887).   ആദ്യത്തെ വിദേശി (ഇംഗ്ലീഷുകാരൻ) പ്രസിഡൻ്റ് ആര്? ജോർജ്ജ് യൂൾ (1888).   ഏത് സമ്മേളനത്തിലാണ് 'വന്ദേമാതരം' ആദ്യമായി ആലപിച്ചത്? 1896, കൊൽക്കത്ത.   ഏത് സമ്മേളനത്തിലാണ് 'ജനഗണമന' ആദ്യമായി ആലപിച്ചത്? 1911, കൊൽക്കത്ത.   മഹാത്മാ ഗാന്ധി അധ്യക്ഷനായ ഏക സമ്മേളനം ഏതാണ്? 1924, ബെൽഗാം (കർണാടക).   സൂററ്റ് പിളർപ്പ് (1907) സമയത്ത് ആരായിരുന്നു പ്രസിഡൻ്റ്? റാഷ് ബിഹാരി ഘോഷ് (വിപ്ലവകാരിയായ റാഷ് ബിഹാരി ബോസുമായി തെറ്റിദ്ധരിക്കരുത്).   സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യത്തിന് മുമ്പ് ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതൽ കാലം പ്രസിഡൻ്റ് പദവിയിലിരുന്ന വ്യക്തി? മൗലാനാ അബുൽ കലാം ആസാദ് (1940–1946).   സമ്മേളനങ്ങളുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട പ്രധാന പ്രമേയങ്ങൾ സ്വദേശി പ്രസ്ഥാനം (Swadeshi Movement): ബനാറസ് സമ്മേളനം (1905). സ്വരാജ് (Self Rule): കൊൽക്കത്ത സമ്മേളനം (1906). നിസ്സഹകരണ പ്രസ്ഥാനം (Non-Cooperation Movement): നാഗ്പൂർ സമ്മേളനം (1920). പൂർണ്ണ സ്വരാജ് (Complete Independence): ലാഹോർ സമ്മേളനം (1929). മൗലിക അവകാശങ്ങൾ (Fundamental Rights): കറാച്ചി സമ്മേളനം (1931).  

Current Affairs

EduTips Daily CA Bullet Points (20th January 2026)

1) 🇮🇳National   Vande Bharat Sleeper Train: The Ministry of Railways announced that the first commercial run of the much-awaited Vande Bharat Sleeper train is set to begin on January 22, 2026. Infrastructure Projects in West Bengal: PM Narendra Modi launched several development projects worth ₹830 crore in Singur, West Bengal, focusing on power and connectivity. New Environmental Penalty Rules: The Central Government issued new guidelines for the utilization of funds collected via environmental penalties, mandating their use strictly for pollution control and restoration projects. Cybersecurity Overhaul: The Centre is proposing a new regulation mandating smartphone manufacturers to share source code for security audits to strengthen national data protection. 2) 🌍International UAE President’s Visit: The President of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is scheduled to visit India to discuss bilateral trade and evolving regional peace plans in the Middle East. World Economic Forum (WEF): The WEF has officially excluded the Iranian Foreign Minister from the upcoming Davos Summit amid ongoing international diplomatic tensions. US Immigration Policy: New reports indicate the US has tightened H-1B visa screenings and revoked over 100,000 visas in the previous year as part of a broader immigration overhaul. 3) 💰Economy IMF Growth Forecast: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has hiked India’s growth forecast for the current fiscal, citing strong domestic demand and resilient investment. India-EU Trade Pact: Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal described the upcoming India-EU trade agreement as the "mother of all trade deals," noting that no major hurdles remain from member states. Labour Code Implementation: The Government has indicated that the four new Labour Codes are likely to be fully operational from April 1, 2026, aimed at simplifying hiring while ensuring social security. 4) 🗓️Date’s importance U.S. Inauguration Day: Historically, January 20 is the day U.S. Presidents are sworn into office (as per the 20th Amendment). Discovery of First Pulsar (1969): On this day in 1969, the first pulsar was discovered in the Crab Nebula, a milestone in astrophysics. 5) 👱‍♂️👩‍🦳Person of the day Novak Djokovic: The tennis legend becomes the focus of the day after achieving a historic milestone of 100 wins at the Australian Open, further cementing his legacy in Grand Slam history. 6) 🏅Sports Pakistan Super League (PSL): The PSL has announced a major shift from a "player draft" system to a "player auction" system, similar to the IPL, to be implemented in the upcoming season. First-Class Cricket Milestone: Sri Lankan veteran spinner Malinda Pushpakumara joined an elite club, becoming only the fourth bowler from his country to take 1,000 first-class wickets. 7) 🏆Awards Patriot League Player of the Week: Lehigh University’s Whitlock earned his second consecutive Player of the Week honor following a series of high-scoring performances in basketball. 8) ⭐️Other important significance Eastern Imperial Eagle: In a boost to biodiversity, the rare Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) was recently spotted and confirmed visiting the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve during the winter migratory season. 📚Word of the day Optimism Definition: Hopefulness and confidence about the future or the success of something. Usage: For successful preparation in competitive exams, maintaining a sense of optimism is as important as hard work.  

Current Affairs

EduTips Daily CA Bullet Points (19 January 2026)

1) 🇮🇳National   Republic Day 2026 Theme: The upcoming Republic Day parade will be celebrated with the theme "150 Years of Vande Mataram". For the first time, the Indian Army will showcase a phased battle array display to highlight military preparedness. India-Germany Tech Pact: India and Germany have signed a Joint Declaration of Intent to enhance cooperation in the field of Telecommunications, focusing on 6G technology and network security. PM Vishwakarma Haat: Union Minister Jitan Ram Manjhi inaugurated the PM Vishwakarma Haat 2026 at Dilli Haat, New Delhi, to provide a global marketing platform for traditional artisans and craftsmen. Green Ammonia Complex: Andhra Pradesh is set to host India's first and the world’s largest green ammonia complex at Kakinada, with a target capacity of 1.5 million tonnes per annum. GRAP Stage 4 in Delhi: The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) has invoked Stage 4 of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) in Delhi-NCR as the Air Quality Index (AQI) crossed the 'Severe' 400 mark. 2) 🌍International Gaza Peace Board: U.S. President Donald Trump has reportedly invited India to join a proposed "Board of Peace" for Gaza to support long-term regional stability and governance. UN at 80: UN Secretary-General António Guterres commemorated the 80th anniversary of the UN General Assembly in London, emphasizing global unity amidst rising geopolitical tensions. NASA Moon Mission: NASA has moved its new moon rocket to the launch pad in preparation for the first crewed lunar mission in over 50 years. Turkey’s Dardanelles Strait: The strategic Dardanelles Strait, which connects the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara, was recently in the news due to a temporary suspension of ship traffic following a tanker's engine failure. 3) 💰Economy IndiGo Penalty: The DGCA has imposed a massive fine of over ₹22 crore on IndiGo Airlines following widespread flight delays and cancellations reported last month. Indian Rupee Update: The Indian Rupee witnessed a sharp decline, falling 50 paise to hit a near all-time low of 90.84 against the U.S. Dollar. FPI Outflows: Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) continue their selling spree, withdrawing approximately ₹22,530 crore from Indian equities in the first three weeks of January 2026. CareEdge Forecast: Credit rating agency CareEdge projected that India’s economy will grow at a healthy 7% in FY 2026-27, despite global trade uncertainties. 4) 🗓️Date’s importance National Start-up Day (January 16 - observed updates): Celebrated to recognize the spirit of entrepreneurship; 2026 marks a decade of the 'Startup India' initiative. NDRF Foundation Day (January 19): The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) celebrates its 21st Raising Day today. Formed in 2006, it is the world's largest specialized force for disaster response. 5) 👱‍♂️👩‍🦳Person of the day Aaryan Varshney: The 21-year-old chess prodigy from Delhi became India’s 92nd Chess Grandmaster (GM) after securing his final norm in a tournament in Europe. Toby Kiers: Awarded the prestigious Tyler Prize 2026 (often called the 'Nobel for the Environment') for her groundbreaking research on underground fungal networks. 6) 🏅Sports India vs NZ ODI Series: Virat Kohli smashed a "lone warrior" century against New Zealand in the final ODI at Indore, rewriting several record books for most centuries in winning causes. Manchester Derby: In European football, Manchester United secured a stunning 2-0 victory over Manchester City in what was Michael Carrick’s first match as a permanent manager. Australian Open 2026: The first Grand Slam of the year is underway in Melbourne, currently facing challenges due to extreme heat conditions affecting players and staff. 7) 🏆Awards NCC Gold Medal: Lieutenant K.M. Sudha created history by becoming the first person from India’s Northeast region to win the NCC Gold Medal at the Officers' Training Academy. 8) ⭐️Other important significance New Species Discovery: Indian scientists discovered a rare subterranean, limbless amphibian named Gegeneophis valmiki (a type of blind caecilian) in the northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra. Disobind AI Tool: Researchers at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bengaluru, developed a deep-learning tool named 'Disobind' to predict how disordered proteins bind to their partners, aiding drug discovery. 📚Word of the day Conservation: The careful preservation and protection of something, especially the planned management of a natural resource to prevent exploitation or destruction. Usage: "The newly launched wildlife corridor in Kaziranga is a vital step toward habitat conservation."